By Jo Nova
For some reason our long climate proxies work for hundreds of years but always seem to stop working just before the man-made catastrophe appears. It seems to me that if a coral-tree-clam-sediment thermometer worked in 1393, it should work in 2020. It’s not like Earth has run out of trees, mud, pollen or corals.
So here we are again, this time with a new Fijian coral that runs 627 years continuously from 1380 to 1997. And the experts have to slap “an instrumental record” on for the last twenty years to find the catastrophe. The actual single coral core shows the water of Fiji was the same or even slightly warmer in the Medieval warm period as it was in the 1990s. There’s no sign at all, in 600 years of this coral, that man-made carbon dioxide has had any effect at all on the water around Fiji.
The new data comes from a coral core drilled in 1999, which explains why it suddenly stops. It does not explain why the world is about to end, but worried scientists waited 25 years to assess the coral core.
The apocalypse is upon us, but no one can find a new big coral to study it in real time?
Click to enlarge
Since the Pacific is a long way from Europe and Antarctica, we also confirm, yet again, that the Medieval Warm Period and the Little Ice Age were global events. Some force was warming the Earth 600+ years ago and the experts don’t know what it was. Then the Earth cooled, and the experts don’t know what caused that either, though the sun was suspiciously quiet, but we’re not supposed to mention that. The water around Fiji started warming in 1800AD, long before humans invented coal power or model T Fords.
The experts tell us this is a “significant departure” from natural variability, and the hottest in 600 years. But it’s only when they superimpose ocean buoys and other instruments that the “record” hottest ever temperature appears like magic at the end.
Click to enlarge
Despite the authors forgetting to label the instrument data in the key on the graph, the caption contains the fine print “Also shown is the most recent SST data for Fiji from ERSSTv5 (1998 to 2021) shown in (E) (black).” So the only data for the “record” spike in the last 20 years of corals, comes from thermometers (and statistical infilling) instead. Wouldn’t you know?
So yet again, even though I hear there is still coral living around Fiji, the key hottest ever record part of the graph is not from that coral.
I’ve been asking for years for a long proxy to show we have a crisis. One solitary proxy that assesses temperatures in 2020 as well as it did in 1703 or 1492. Does anyone know one?
If corals and clams work so well as thermometers do, surely Australia, with the worlds largest living reef, ought to have hundreds of old corals we can study? You’d think if our climate scientists cared about the climate and were given, say, $440 million dollars to spend, they could have found some? But perhaps they have to leave them in drawers for 20 years so they have room to tack on the instrumental spikes at the end?
And here are lots more graphs from the paper showing that CO2 has made no difference to the climate. A is the Southwest Pacific. B is the Macassar Strait, D is from Palmyra, E is the central pacific, F is the Galapagos, and none of them show anything we should spend a trillion dollars on.
Paleo Hydrodynamics Data Assimilation product (PHYDA)
Fig. 2. Fiji coral composite annual Sr/Ca-SST record, WPWP model simulations and proxy reconstructions, and the SWCP SST gradient.
Annual (light gray) and 15-year moving average (dark gray) Fiji coral composite record compared to (A) simulated southwest tropical Pacific (10° to 22°S, 150° to 180°E) SST based on the average of 13 runs from the CESM LME (red) and their SD (light red); (B) Makassar Strait composite Indo-Pacific Warm Pool SST Mg/Ca reconstructions from (25) (Newton, pink) and (26) (Oppo, purple); (C) annual and 15-year moving average SSTs reconstructed for the southwest tropical Pacific from the PHYDA (orange); (D) annual and 15-year moving average SST derived from δ18O composite coral data from Palmyra (60); (E) annual and 15-year moving average SST reconstruction for the Niño 3.4 region in the central Pacific from (21) (PHYDA, yellow) and (56) (EG, green) based on the ERSSTv3; and (F) Mg/Ca foraminifera SST reconstruction from the Galapagos in the eastern Pacific (61) and inferred eastern Pacific SSTs from lake epiphytic diatom from El Junco Lake, Galápagos (62). (G) Annual and 15-year moving average SWCP gradient calculated as the difference between Fiji coral composite record and the Niño 3.4 SST reconstructions from the PHYDA (yellow) and EG (green) and their average (black). SST presented as anomalies relative to 1883 to 1996 except in (B) where values are relative to the common period between all three records (1370 to 1840). Extended warm (cold) periods in the Fiji composite highlighted in red (blue) based on the change point analysis from Fig. 1. Also shown in (G) is the change point analysis for the average SWCP gradient (dark red lines).
The propaganda from Phys Org:
Fijian coral reveals new 627-year record of Pacific Ocean climate
An international team of climate scientists have used a 627-year coral record from Fiji to reveal unprecedented insights into ocean temperatures and climate variability across the Pacific Ocean since 1370.
It’s not even phrased as a link or association, it’s so weak it’s an “interaction”:
The study published in Science Advances, co-authored by Dr. Ariaan Purich from Monash University and Professor Matthew England and Dr. Rishav Goyal from UNSW, shows how human-caused climate change is interacting with long-term patterns of climate variability in the Pacific
Follow the long tenuous wandering path to “human derived” blah:
The new coral record shows that the local ocean temperature was warm between 1380 and 1553, comparable to the late 20th and early 21st centuries. However, when combined with other coral records, the Pacific-wide warming observed since 1920, largely attributed to human-derived emissions, marks a significant departure from the natural variability recorded in earlier centuries.
No. The coral record does NOT show this:
The record also shows that present ocean temperature is the highest for the past 653 years.
And there are no implications for millions of people either, other than we should stop wasting money immediately:
The work provides new insights to understand how climate trends are leading to shifts in weather patterns and more extreme weather events that will have significant implications for millions of people living in the Indo-Pacific region.osystems across the vulnerable Pacific Island nations.”
The money line comes next– the whole point of gouging a hole in a 600 year old coral is to advertise the renewable industry and justify trillion dollar government policy mistakes. What is a line like this doing in a press release of a scientific coral study?
The study provides further motivation for the global community to keep working towards limiting warming to 1.5ºC by developing renewable energy resources at scale, to electrify the economy and phase out coal and gas.
Government funded scientists have become prostitutes for Big Government. I would love to be proved wrong. But we all know that no government funded professors could dare criticize this study.
Thanks to all the supporters who help fund me so I can.
REFERENCE
Juan P. D’Olivo et al, Coral Sr/Ca-SST reconstruction from Fiji extending to ~1370 CE reveals insights into the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation, Science Advances (2024). DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ado5107
J. E. Tierney, N. J. Abram, K. J. Anchukaitis, M. N. Evans, C. Giry, K. H. Kilbourne, C. P. Saenger, H. C. Wu, J. Zinke, Tropical sea surface temperatures for the past four centuries reconstructed from coral archives. Paleoceanography 30, 226–252 (2015).
Oceans2K records. (PS: When Steve McIntyre dissected the Oceans2K dataset he found many of the alkenone records in it were mysteriously cooling in the last fifty years.)
Image by Kanenori from Pixabay
That’s a nice sharp critique which clearly reveals dishonesty amounting to [snip] in the service of a dogmatic ideology. This is bending science to fit and justify a political doctrine.
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Don’t you worry about that, it’s a Mann thing!!
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And he used the instrument record because the treemometers showed temperatures were declining – ‘hide the decline’ – which for an honest and sane person should have set alarm bells off about the veracity of the whole tree ring circus. And as pointed out here, why has nobody taken any further samples from the trees to check have well it is working out, unless of course they are fully aware that it won’t show what they want and it is easier to fiddle the instrument records and use the worse possible locations to measure temperatures that will used to justify measures that will ultimately cost people their lives.
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“we all know that no government-funded professors could criticize this study.”
That’s because all “professors” are government-funded at some level! Professors are, after all, faculty members of the highest academic rank at an institution of higher education. They were nominated and acclaimed by other professors who professed to know. I liken them to a “daisy chain”.
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Yup, if it’s from the “authorities” or “pal reviewed,” you can pretty much dismiss it out of hand as propaganda anymore.
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Early Holocene Reef Growth ‘Substantial And Active’ With 4°C Warmer Water And Faster-Than-Today Changes
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The core feature neatly outlined in this post is undoubtedly “the money line” and that the associated alarmism rides on poor thinking.
The constant harping about man made Global Warming occurs in the face of the fact that our wonderful Planet is a big, large, gigantic, massive Dynamic System that is a small component of the local solar system.
Compared with Ice Ages, meteor activity,
volcanic eruptions, lava flows we humans are just an insignificant blip on the Earth’s surface.
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>we humans are just an insignificant blip on the Earth’s surface
You seem to be overlooking the awesome driving force of the mighty thin-film plastic shopping bag, the contribution of the catastrophic cow fart, and the power of the perfect pronoun.
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These compromised scientists and illiterate governments know the wheels are falling off but are desperate to keep the money flowing. Wouldn’t it be lovely to have some truth for a change or just report what they find without the obligatory UN advertisement. Many if not most people are realising that governments lie and in so doing cause them to suffer as a result. People died when denied medicines that worked to be replaced with those that don’t. Power bills go up as we introduce more free energy. Keep standing on my foot and I will notice.
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I’m getting tired of it all, and I think others may be too. Though a new lot seem to be coming on.
We have had three great scams imposed on us:
1. The Hole in the Ozone Layer,
2. CAGW,
3. The COVIDVAX fiasco.
All founded in public ignorance of fairly basic science.
To date the perpetrators are getting away with it scot free.
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And Now! Monkey Pox, MPox, Vaccine pustules, mumps, Aids mk2 et al!
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“Pustules”, ah yes, pimples and boils I had regularly into my early teens; then I suspect that my immune system had met and acclimatized to all of the lurking threats, and it ended.
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I am wandering here, but is this the trigger to do something ?
https://pierrekorymedicalmusings.com/p/my-retaliation-against-the-american?utm_source=post-email-title&publication_id=645524&post_id=147822178&utm_campaign=email-post-title&isFreemail=true&r=25uber&triedRedirect=true&utm_medium=email
Now, did that work?
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Thanks again to Jo Nova for trying to educate us about Coral Reefs and the warm MWP and LIA.
Of course we now know that Dr Peter Ridd was correct about the GBR since 1985 and we should stop wasting trillions of $ on toxic W & S and only build reliable base load energy like Coal, Gas or Nuclear.
Anyway who wants to destroy up to 28,000 klms of our east coast environments for a guaranteed zero return?
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20 years ago my brother went fishing over there and noticed white coral and the guide said to him: no worries – it does that. Ten years later he went back to the same fishing spot and the colour had come back. The same guide said it does that too; and on both occasions the fishing was brilliant! Sandra Harding – eat you heart out on your million dollar salary at James Cook University!
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My recollection (1962) was the same response by locals. But I haven’t been back there.
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Aint it grand Graeme – it takes locals to tell us the truth while the clowns keep sprouting rubbish to keep themselves in a high paying job like Ms Harding.
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I would suggest that the survey record of ice in Glacier Bay in southern Alaska points out that recent warming started before 1800.
1760 & 1780 had the entire bay covered by ice, with ice thick enough (at the mouth of the bay) that outside water was impeded from circulation.
1794 noted a retreat of ice.
1845, 1857 & 1860 all showed more ice loss from the previous survey.
And it continued through 1892, 1912 before “MODERN Catastrophic WARMING” could occur.
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In the Southern Hemisphere the LIA didn’t give up its icy grip until 1900.
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“Unprecedented” is a word that was beloved by the anti-scientific Left (a tautology) although it seems to be going out of favour according to Goolag Trends.
https://trends.google.com/trends/explore?date=all&q=Unprecedented&hl=en
I think catastrophic is replacing it.
https://trends.google.com/trends/explore?date=all&q=Catastrophic&hl=en
Comparing the two:
https://trends.google.com/trends/explore?date=all&q=Catastrophic,Unprecedented&hl=en
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The insights are that they needed to go to unprecedented levels to mangle data to get something which fitted the narrative.
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Yes, the major problem with the word “unprecedented” is that it was usually followed by the word “since”.
I presume they finally saw the contradiction there.
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Back in the day, it would have been an obvious thing to perform multiple core drillings to establish historic temperature and other data.
And it could have been done for a fraction of the $440 million of taxpayer’s money Turnbull scandalously gave to the small committee who identify themselves as guardians of the reef.
And do you recall they weren’t even officially told about it, they found out how we all did, via the Lamestream media. And I have never seen published an audited set of accounts as to how the money was spent.
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What? You mean the coral didn’t all die when the waters were water? Well, there’s a surprise – NOT.
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You want to see dead and dying coral? Go scuba diving off the East Coast of Malaysia (Tioman Islands) and witness the results of the local fishers using small explosive charges to catch fish.
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I remember us using ‘expanding bait’ when in the navy and being parked in an out-of-the-way bay
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I can imagine (the reef in Malaysia)
I recall Egypt at Dahab on the Red Sea(?) where the coral just off the beach was covered in plastic bags. And no one was picking them up or anything, despite people diving there every day.
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I’d love a [taxpayer-funded] holiday in the Friendly Islands too, but would I resort to such chicanery? Would I stoop so low as to employ ‘Mike’s nature trick’? Would I mindlessly repeat 1.5 un-truths?
Bula! Bula! Bula-ship!
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BTW our GBR coral condition is brilliant according to Dr Ridd and he tells us in this report for the Co2 Coalation scientists that coral reefs have lived through all types of change and climate conditions for millions of years.
Certainly the last 8 C warmer Eemian Interglacial would have tested coral reefs a lot more than our much cooler Holocene today.
https://co2coalition.org/2022/08/11/the-great-barrier-reef-is-doing-great-people-should-know/
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Here’s what I wrote about earlier GBR cyclone damage during the late LIA.
Even their ABC forget their references to Dr Johnathon Nott’s Aussie east coast cyclone studies over the years. Up to 1820 the GBR had to endure much stronger cyclones than we see today and with much more damage to the reef. Here’s an ABC reference in 2001 to the devastation of the GBR in pre- European iimes.
Lets hope those LIA cyclones or pre 1820 don’t return again. Who knows?
https://www.abc.net.au/science/news/stories/2001/383361.htm
” Dr Nott said that reliable computer modelling could predict wave height and storm surge from incoming cyclones”.
“We’ve taken the estimated wave size and storm surge measurements from past cyclones, and in effect run those models in reverse, to determine what size cyclones would be required to create the ridges,” he said”.
“The study showed that the last super-cyclone — a category 5 cyclone, with wind speeds of up to 300kmh — came 50 years before European settlement of the area, in about 1820. If it hit Cairns today, the resulting marine inundation would swamp the city’s esplanade in two metres of water.”
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Reminds me of the Australian Grains Free Air CO2 Enrichment project (AGFACE) conducted during the 2010’s. They plonked some 12m octagonal gas rings in broadacre crops which emitted CO2 and simulated likely future atmospheric levels of 550ppm. Wheat and field peas grown in this experiment increased yields by a whopping 25%!!. Which the researchers called the CO2 fertilisation effect. Great. But, then finished the finding with the usual doomsday predictions. “Increasing temperatures and reduced rainfall in the future may tend to lower yields, counteracting the benefits of CO2,” This statement, as anyone knows, is a prediction of the future, which no-one can do with confidence. How’s about -“Great, increased atmospheric CO2 levels lift crop yields by a 1/4, what’s not to like?”
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Always, the discussion part of the paper is where things go wrong.
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As I’ve said before, others have far more confidence than I do in the use of proxies as thermometers. In this case the graph appears to show endless spikes of 0.5 C around 50 years at a time. Then they run a trailing average through the spikes. The claimed precision stretches credibility to breaking point.
As Jo intimates, these proxies have not been calibrated against a known temperature record. To my knowledge such calibration has not even been attempted.
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Wow. that is amazing. I’m always skeptical of these things – comes as an instinct.
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Excellent article, thanks very much to you Jo for this very informative piece.
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Which prompts me to write this:
“Then the Earth cooled, and the experts don’t know what caused that either, though the sun was suspiciously quiet, but we’re not supposed to mention that.”
Jo, I hope you have as much fun writing this stuff as we do reading it!
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Paul Joseph Watson on the British Met office claims of “hottest day ever”.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E8Fu4x2Zzok
Trust in institutions is declining. Do the morons ever wonder why?
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Hi Jo, donated to the choccie jar thanks to $1300 dollars being thrown around by clowns Myles and Bowen, sort of ironic I thought. Thanks for the great work.
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Rusty, thanks so much. I can’t do this without people like you. Much appreciated.
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Yeh the biggest problem with tacking real temps onto the end of proxies is resolution: real temps have a resolution of one day, quite often proxies have a resolution of one year or six months. I once commented on a Tamino blog about this issue: what you have to do to make them comparable is to put the real temps through a low pass filter (which of course gets rid of the supposed rise) but Tamino did not publish my comment and then tried to justify his stupid unscientific practices in the next post, essentially replying to my unpublished comment as to why he was ignoring my objections, which is why I never read anything he wrote from that day on.
The proxy he was using had a resolution of fifty to one hundred years I believe – which makes tacking the real temps on the end completely meaningless.
The dishonesty of it all is what concerns me the most.
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Common sense tells us that the long ice record built on the cores of ancient polar deposits may have good relative definition within the data but the actual temperature is not going to be easy to determine.
Tacking a more recent set of data from 200 years of mercury thermometer measurement is just nuts.
The hockey stick is unscientific and deliberately misleading and contrary to proper statistical methods.
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Interesting that the data from “El Junco” fits the “climate change narrative” best . Its however telling that its called a narrative because its a fictional story…
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Cant we find anyone prepared to go back to Fiji to take cores of modern corals to compare with the ancient ones? Surely one such study would be sufficient to put the lie to this kind of “research”?
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So… you know that when you measure the actual temperature, you don’t need the proxy. And you also know that proxies are created by calibrating observed coral growth with the measured temperature. This means that those modern coral cores literally show the measured temperature
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So Gee Aye, if those corals “literally show the measured temperature” why don’t we use corals to measure the temperature now?
Is it because corals don’t record brief high spikes and never show a hockeystick rise?
It’s only when we stick two different measurement techniques together and pretend they measure the same thing that we “discover” shocking modern spikes in temperature.
Would corals capture one hot month in 1393 as well as electronic thermometers would have if they had been there?
They cheat, they lie, and you play cover for them.
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Who cheat and lie? Are you implying some global conspiracy involving manipulation of every temperature reconstruction?
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperature_record_of_the_last_2,000_years
Zeke Hausfather is an expert and an honest man, he explains things nicely in this series of posts: https://x.com/hausfath/status/1823752690381545591
Carl Sagan was also an honest man, he explained the greenhouse effect succinctly to the US Congress 38 years ago, back when politics was far less partisan then they are now. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wp-WiNXH6hI
There are cheaters and liars, and they have you fooled big time.
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I’m just asking for ONE continuous temperature proxy that shows the hockeystick and you can’t find it. I asked a very specific scientific question and you give us a 38 year old Carl Sagan video and then invent a conspiracy? Feeling a bit panicky?
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The sudden and sharp increase in temperature is real, we’ve measured it with thermometers, and is almost unprecedented in the paleoclimatic record.
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So how many paleoclimate electronic thermometers were there is 1200AD?
Has anyone checked to see if corals are accurately recording the big hot spell post Hunga Tonga, or does the calibration period only apply to 30 years ago?
Since there appear to be no proxies you can name that are still accurately recording the hockeystick in the last 20 years are the current “record” temps exaggerated, or are the past heatwaves not recorded by corals? Take your pick…
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Simon says – “almost unprecedented “ , is this a bit like saying we got 15mm of rain yesterday and that was almost unprecedented?
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‘Almost unprecedented’ means that we have the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum in the record which is a an event we certainly do not want to replicate.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleocene%E2%80%93Eocene_Thermal_Maximum
Jo still doesn’t get it. Modern proxies mirror the observed warming because they are calibrated from this temperature data.
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Jo is still ten steps ahead. How could high temps in the PETM NOT cause the oceans to release CO2? You still confuse cause and effect. The temps are the cause, not the CO2.
Ponder that if we can’t find a CO2/temp signal in the last 40 years with 24/7 global satellite data how could we find it in fossils from 50 million years ago?
If corals really did work as well as Argo buoys to tell us the temp why is there not one single coral record in the last 20 years showing that hockeystick?
Why are the only hockeysticks the ones that unscientifically slap two different instruments “together” in the one graph (and hide that in the legend).
You are being played (willingly) by a system which is so obviously unscientific.
So I ask again, can you find ONE long proxy that shows the hockeystick in the last 20 years and matches both ups and downs (turning points) of the temperature record. Any moron can “calibrate” two unrelated variables in a monotonic rising line.
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Running averages smooth out spikes in instrumental data. Coral growth is basically a running average. It is done Jo, your question was erroneous.
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Gee Aye, do you think “running averages” is the only difference between the performance of “coral thermometers” and electronic sensors in argo buoys? Do they both perform the same beyond the higher and lower end of the calibration temps. Is it a linear relationship? Do they have the same response time and does pH and nutrient and sunlight affect them the same way?
To ask the question is to know the answer…
There’s like a whole world of physics and chemistry you and Simon can’t even see. But you need to believe, don’t you?
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Crucial fingerprint of the IPO.
‘The Fijian archipelago is located at the southern edge of the western Pacific Warm Pool (WPWP) and within the SPCZ, making it an ideal location to document the latitudinal expansion and contractions of the WPWP. This is important for quantifying the zonal and meridional SST gradients across the tropical and subtropical Pacific and is a crucial fingerprint of the IPO.’ (Juan P. D’Olivo et al,)
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During the Little Ice Age it was wet in Australia.
‘ … during a negative IPO phase, when the tropical Pacific is cooler than average (La Niña-like state), teleconnections between ENSO events and Australia’s rainfall are strong, which translates into increased precipitation variability over eastern Australia.’ (Calvo et al 2007)
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Australia emerged from the LIA with the help of a very positive IPO.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interdecadal_Pacific_oscillation#/media/File:Índice_médio_anual_da_Oscilação_Interdecadal_do_Pacifico..jpg
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please explain this. Was the conclusion that Australian corals have not been studied based on a search of the literature? My search suggests there are 100-200.
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Also, might be worth familiarising yourself with the methods of producing proxies. Look at the methods in this publication (not coincidentally it is GBR data)
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07672-x#Sec9
multiple proxies are being updated constantly with modern data where the thermometer and the proxy become the same thing.
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Yes, a coral can become an electronic sensor, just like a man can become a woman.
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That paper relies on a variant of Mike’s Nature trick to append instrumental data onto proxy calculations. I am yet to see a proxy study without that fatal flaw.
In simple terms the proxies lack the sensitivity required. The authors then ignore the pitfalls of extrapolating back hundreds of years. And of course there are the obligatory pseudo statistical methods.
But start from the beginning. The authors pretend that the only cause of coral bleaching is sea surface temperatures. Tide depths are completely ignored. Meaning of course that the basic biology of corals is ignored.
Only in Climate Science (TM) would such shoddy work be tolerated.
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Where are our 600 to 800 year old coral cores? Or are the Fijian corals rare? Is there some reason we don’t have long proxies here in Australia apart from one huon pine in Tasmania that can tell the temperature for the whole continent?
Or is that our researchers have seen those proxies and they didn’t give the right answer?
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You’re getting very excited by a solitary proxy which shows cooling then a warming 20th Century trend.
There are many Great Barrier Reef datasets and there are good reasons why they do not span many centuries.
https://climatedataguide.ucar.edu/climate-data/coral-geochemical-records-overview-their-use-climate-proxies-and-available-databases
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Thanks for trying Simon. But what are those good reasons? I’m reading your link, and I don’t see them.
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Please explain?
I’m still trying to explain #23.1
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We only have ten years before the Great Barrier Reef is destroyed.
It’s always ten years isn’t it? (Nine now.)
1960’s Oil gone in ten years.
1970’s Another Ice Age in ten years.
1980’s Acid rain will destroy all crops and forests in ten years.
1990’s Ozone layer gone in ten years.
2000 Ice caps gone in ten years.
NONE OF IT HAPPENED BUT ALL RESULTED IN HIGHER TAXES AND/OR RESTRICTIVE REGULATIONS.
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cross posted at Coral at Fiji shows the ocean was just as warm in 1400AD
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The Great Barrier Reef Foundation posted this on Farcebook:
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what are they planning on doing? Growing reefs?
The environmental industry is insane. They always want to control nature.
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>The Great Barrier Reef is at risk. Climate change has already wiped-out half of the world’s coral reefs. Warmer waters are threatening these delicate marine ecosystems and all the animals that rely on the Reef for life
A valuable life lesson which should be taught in schools. Liars are better paid than people who tell the truth.
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[…] From JoNova […]
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Watched this video just before finding this post here. So was pre focused at the 1400 end.
“What Caused So Many Cultures To Disappear In 1400 AD?”
The great comments at the bottom do more to add to the mystery.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i0qox76tdRA
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And the MWP had mostly faded by then.
Do need more cores.
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